shows the production of a dental click. Figure 3.19 (1970) The Augment in the Bantu languages. Fwe has four accompaniments including a voiceless nasal accompaniment (Gunnink forthcoming) not known to occur in any other Bantu language. 2(1): 5172. (1999b) Tone Association and F0 Timing in Chichewa. Oxford; Cambridge: Blackwell. Variation in the realisation of voiceless nasals is at least in part correlated with position in a word. & In (1998) The Phonetic Nature of voiceless Nasals in Pokomo: Implications for Sound Change. Rwanda JD61 contrasts long and short vowels yet also has vowel lengthening before NC as well as after a consonant-glide sequence (Myers 2005). Figure 3.7 46(2): 235246. Faytak, M. S. & ), Proceedings of the 6th World Congress of African Linguistics, Cologne, 1721 August 2009, 219224. She also uses electropalatography (EPG) to show the susceptibility of stops to coarticulation varies not only by place of articulation, but also according to voice category; aspirated stops are the least susceptible to coarticulation and voiced stops are the most (Monaka 2001). Plauch & Their findings show that participants perform better in syllable awareness tasks than in segment awareness. in the word /ko/ avarice has a higher F2 (above 1000 Hz), and the higher formants are much more prominent than those of /o/. Kxa, Tuu and Khoe (Khoisan) languages tend to favour uvular rather than velar constrictions (cf. & PDF School of Oriental and African Studies Cambridge University Press In Zulu S42, the phonetic effects of depressor consonants on pitch differ from pitch lowering effects caused by implosive consonants (Chen & Downing 2011). The contact of the front of the tongue is asymmetrical, as the side of the tongue opposite to where the release will be made is braced contra-laterally against the palate. The posture of the vowel following the click is seen in timestep 5. (2010) Work on Spoken (Multimodal) Corpora in South Africa. Southern African Linguistics and Applied Language Studies 25(1): 2960. 4: 85165. 2016) and Fwe K402 (Gunnink 2016). 26(2): 235254. One of the most striking things about clicks in Bantu is the lack of respect for place distinctions when few categorical contrasts exist. Another language with a vowel length contrast, Vili H12, lengthens vowels before liquids (in the environment /C_L/) and before nasals /C_N/ (Roux & Ndinga-Koumba-Binza 2011), but not before NC (Ndinga-Koumba-Binza 2011). During the time period in which the two closures of a click overlap, lowering of the center of the tongue creates a partial vacuum in the cavity between them. Handbook of African Languages By M. A. Bryan. Language locations are estimated following Maho (2009) and Gieseke and Seifert (2007). A. E. In Jita JE25, for instance, only the initial syllable of verb roots may contrast in tone (Downing 2011). Dr. Wilhelm Bleek first used the term "Bantu" in its current sense in his 1862 book A Comparative Grammar of South African Languages, in which . Figure 3.2 The Bantu Languages shows a spectrogram of the Nyamwezi F22 word /apo/ basket spoken in isolation. . T. C. Zulu, for example, has nine pairs of singular and plural prefixes. , & ), Rhotics: New Data and Perspectives, 173190. Kisseberth, C. Myers, S. , Maputo: Instituto Nacional do Desenvolvimento de Educao. (eds. (2006) Just Put Your Lips Together and Blow? London; New York: Routledge. In (2013), Proctor et al. These vowels are produced with a retracted tongue root, causing a constriction in the upper pharynx. That is, the back non-low vowels are rounded, and the low and front vowels are unrounded. (eds. (1989) Dental and Alveolar Stops in KiMvita Swahili: An Electropalatographic Study. . B. P. halshs-02504383 %RVWRHQ .RHQ 0DUN 9DQ GH 9HOGH ,QWURGXFWLRQ ,Q 9DQ GH 9HOGH 0DUN .RHQ %RVWRHQ 'HUHN 1XUVH *pUDUG 3KLOLSSVRQ HGV 7KH %DQWX /DQJXDJHV QG (GLWLRQ >5RXWOHGJH (1996) The Phonology and Morphology of Kimatuumbi. Somerville: Cascadilla Proceedings Project. However, as was observed long ago by Doke (1931b, 1931a), the phonetic patterns vary quite considerably across the different varieties of Shona S10. A. Somerville: Cascadilla Proceedings Project. Gunnink Maddieson, I. 2003). Ndinga-Koumba-Binza, H. S. Ebobiss Source: Image made available by Gilles-Maurice de Schryver (cf. Bantu by fifty "Conimon Bantu time-spans,'' and proto-Bantu by ten. Hinnebusch Jacottet, E. Namaseb Figure 3.33 M. A. Blench, R. ), Namibian Languages. A. The Bantu Languages - 2nd Edition - Mark Van de Velde - Koen Bostoen Each point represents the mean of between seven and 27 tokens of unreduced stem-initial vowels spoken by a male speaker. MALCOLM The Classification of the Bantu Languages. Press; London, New & 33(4): 427446. Air pressure in the oral cavity is measured in relation to the ambient atmospheric pressure in hectoPascals (hPa, equivalent to the pressure required to support 1 cm of water). (2010) More on Post-Nasal Devoicing: The Case of Shekgalagari. Kwasio A81 pharyngealised vowels differ significantly in vowel quality compared to their non-pharyngealised counterparts. Tonga M64 does not preserve Proto-Bantu vowel length, but has developed long vowels from intervocalic consonant loss. 30: 591627. Stanford: Center for the Study of Language and Information (CSLI), Stanford University. The white horizontal lines indicate the width of the maximum cons-triction. Figure 3.30 Coupez & Clem In ), Proceedings of the Conference on Language Documentation and Linguistic Theory 2, 313321. Map. In Mwiini G412, however, long vowels may surface on the penult or antepenult and only occur word-initially in loanwords (Kisseberth & Abasheikh 2004: xvii). Oxford: Oxford University Press. N. Journal of African Languages and Linguistics Downing, L. J. (1987) on depressor consonants in Zulu S42. and Thomas-Vilakatis aerodynamic data also reflect the different dynamics of the affricated and abrupt clicks. Pholia Blench, R. A. 55: 119148. Faytak, M. Published for the International African Institute by the Oxford University Press, 1948. & S. Bokamba, E. G. C. J. 5(8): 813820. Poulos, G. Leiden: Leiden University, PhD dissertation. (1990) A Linguistic Analysis of Venda. and Meinhof, C. Bantu languages | Definition, Characteristics, & Facts Clicks on the fringes of the Kalahari Basin Area. (1998) Thimbukushu Grammar. & (2016) Tone and Intonation in Chichewa and Tumbuka. South-West and South-East Bantu languages with clicks. (eds. The gesture is also timed differently from ordinary labialisation in that it covers the fricative duration rather than being primarily realised as an offglide; hence whistling fricatives can themselves be labialised in their release phase. J. C. (2010) A Re-evaluation of the Zulu Implosive []. Rycroft, D. K. The word list available for measurement included a more balanced sample of front than of back vowels, and the back vowels are probably in reality more separated than this plot indicates. ), Proceedings of the 6th World Congress of African Linguistics, Cologne, 1721 August 2009, 533543. We propose a political theory, based on consensual . Definition "Bantu" means "people" in many Bantu languages. 15(4): 186191. By Malcolm. Schadeberg, T. C. Figure 3.29 & The article of Paulian (1994) does include a few words with short nasalised vowels in stems, but these may be misprints. Miller, A. K. 2005, Allwood et al. (eds.) It has even been used for those which may simply block a raising or high-tone spreading process. Sowetan Zulu S42, too, has a reduced number of click consonants, likely due to contact with Southern Sotho S33 (Gunnink 2014). Myers, S. A. Medjo Mv, P. The vowels of the five-vowel systems are therefore usually transcribed as /i e a o u/ and the seven-vowel systems are most often transcribed as /i e a o u/ (Hyman 1999). Some North-Western Bantu languages which have stem-initial accent, such as Eton A71, have a focus prosody that causes the lengthening of stem-initial consonants and vowels (Van de Velde & Idiatov 2016). In The first frame, numbered 0, is close to the time that velar closure is first made, as detected from the accompanying acoustic record. Zare: revue congolaise 2015). Sands (2017) and Sands & Gunnink (forthcoming), both in terms of the number of contrastive click consonants, and in terms of the percentage of lexical items which contain clicks. & , Berkeley: University of California Press. (2015) On Medumba Bilabial Trills and Vowels. Particularly striking in this connection is the velar ejective lateral affricate [k] of Zulu S42 (cf. Soquet In In the South-East, the core is formed by the languages of the Nguni group (S40), especially Xhosa S41, Zulu S42, Phuthi S404 and Zimbabwean Ndebele S44, which have between 12 and 15 click consonants; Swati S43 has fewer clicks (Doke 1954, Pakendorf et al. 21(2): 161178. South African Journal of African Languages In Sol, M.-J. The Swahili data collected (text and speech) was mainly the Standard Swahili that is of general use in official and learning. K. In Ngungwel B72a, there are three oral and three nasal vowels in prefixes [e a o e ]. In the Tswa-Ronga S50 group, clicks have been reported to occur in Tswa S51, Tsonga S53, Konde S54, Nkuna S53D and Ronga S54 (Passy 1914, Persson 1932, Doke 1954, Baumbach 1974, Afido et al. Other major languages of the group, each with 10 million speakers or more, . Figure 3.12 Zamba C322 and Ganda JE15 raise a final High tone in question prosody. The most extensive body of work on the phonetics of tone in a single Bantu language concerns Chewa N31b (Carleton 1996, Myers 1996, Myers & Carleton 1996, Myers 1999a, b). Ultrasound images clearly show differences in tongue root position across vowel pairs (Gick 2002, Gick et al. 2010), and in Tswana S31 only for some speakers (Coetzee & Pretorius 2010). In (eds. Louw, J. (1954) The Southern Bantu Languages. Language Dynamics and Change PDF Bantu Phonetics text The relative timing and durations of velar and front closures deduced from acoustic and aerodynamic data are graphed in Because the velar stop burst in the weak click [] is louder than the anterior click burst, it is perhaps not surprising that [k] has come to replace [] for some speakers. K. In Manyo K332, clicks are mostly dental, however, with a broad individual variation (Mhlig 1997). Although most Bantu languages use only one coronal (typically alveolar) and one dorsal (velar) place of articulation, contrasts between dental and alveolar places are found in several languages, and contrasts between velars and uvulars are found in Kgalagari S311 (Dickens 1987, Monaka 2001, 2005). Bantu - McGill University , Pretoria: van Schaik. The chapter is organised into sections on vowels, consonants and prosody. 83: 918. Volume 2: Bantu Prehistory, Inventory and Indexes. Ziervogel, D. K. ), The Phonetics-Phonology Interface: Representations and Methodologies, 171192. I must now turn to a more detailed consideration of one Greenberg's language families and the word-lists which appear to be basic evidence. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press. Xhosa S41 has five accompaniments, three of which are the same as in Zulu S42. (1985) Le kesukuma (langue bantoue de Tanzanie): phonologie, morphologie. & Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. Rialland ), Tones and Tunes. & Spectrogram of the Nyamwezi F22 word /apo/ basket. See text for discussion of the phonetic segmentation. (eds. Southern African Linguistics and Applied Language Studies (ed. The relationship between the seven vowels of Vove B305 is notably different, as demonstrated in Thomas, K. Yoder Recording courtesy of Constance Kutsch Lojenga. & Miller, A. ), Proceedings of Laboratory Phonology 9, 643656. A. (1987) Qhalaxarzi Consonants. Prieto Lindemann The functional load of clicks varies across languages, as detailed in Pakendorf et al. Journal of African Languages and Linguistics Ondo (1891) Introductory Grammar of the Ngoni (Zulu) Language, as Spoken in Momberas Country. 36(1): 6792. Vietti This would therefore be an important counter-example to the more common pattern found in labial-velar doubly articulated segments in other languages in which the labial closure is formed very slightly later (1015 ms) than the velar one. , The upper pharyngealised vowels of Kwasio A81 do not have the harsh voice quality associated with lower pharyngealised vowels, i.e., epiglottalised or aryepiglottalised vowels, as found in Tuu, Kxa and Khoe languages of southern Africa (cf. Means of Fwe vowel formants are shown in in Another feature of interest is the presence of a cross-linguistically rare contrast between nasalised and oral glottal approximants (/h/ and /h/) found in Kwangali K33 (Ladefoged & Maddieson 1996: 132). Lyon: Universit Lyon 2, thse de doctorat. & Sands, B. However, from the phonetic point of view, the Bantu languages have fewer articulatorily complex consonants than is sometimes suggested. (PDF) Bantu Lexical Reconstruction - ResearchGate Barbosa

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